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C-/C++-Quelltext

// include the basic windows header files and the Direct3D header file

#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <d3d9.h>

// include the Direct3D Library file

#pragma comment (lib, "d3d9.lib")

// global declarations

LPDIRECT3D9 d3d;    // the pointer to our Direct3D interface

LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 d3ddev;    // the pointer to the device class


// function prototypes

void initD3D(HWND hWnd);    // sets up and initializes Direct3D

void render_frame(void);    // renders a single frame

void cleanD3D(void);    // closes Direct3D and releases memory


// the WindowProc function prototype

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);


// the entry point for any Windows program

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
                   HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                   LPSTR lpCmdLine,
                   int nCmdShow)
{
    HWND hWnd;
    WNDCLASSEX wc;

    ZeroMemory(&wc, sizeof(WNDCLASSEX));

    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowProc;
    wc.hInstance = hInstance;
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)COLOR_WINDOW;
    wc.lpszClassName = L"WindowClass";

    RegisterClassEx(&wc);

    hWnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL,
                          L"WindowClass",
                          L"Our First Direct3D Program",
                          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                          300, 300,
                          640, 480,
                          NULL,
                          NULL,
                          hInstance,
                          NULL);

    ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);

    // set up and initialize Direct3D

    initD3D(hWnd);

    // enter the main loop:


    MSG msg;

    while(TRUE)
    {
        DWORD starting_point = GetTickCount();

        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
        {
            if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
                break;

            TranslateMessage(&msg);
            DispatchMessage(&msg);
        }

        render_frame();

        while ((GetTickCount() - starting_point) < 25);
    }

    // clean up DirectX and COM

    cleanD3D();

    return msg.wParam;
}


// this is the main message handler for the program

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch(message)
    {
        case WM_DESTROY:
            {
                PostQuitMessage(0);
                return 0;
            } break;
    }

    return DefWindowProc (hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}


// this function initializes and prepares Direct3D for use

void initD3D(HWND hWnd)
{
    d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);    // create the Direct3D interface


    D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;    // create a struct to hold various device information


    ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));    // clear out the struct for use

    d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;    // program windowed, not fullscreen

    d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;    // discard old frames

    d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hWnd;    // set the window to be used by Direct3D



    // create a device class using this information and the info from the d3dpp stuct

    d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
                      D3DDEVTYPE_HAL,
                      hWnd,
                      D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,
                      &d3dpp,
                      &d3ddev);

    return;
}


// this is the function used to render a single frame

void render_frame(void)
{
    // clear the window to a deep blue

    d3ddev->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 40, 100), 1.0f, 0);

    d3ddev->BeginScene();    // begins the 3D scene


    // do 3D rendering on the back buffer here


    d3ddev->EndScene();    // ends the 3D scene


    d3ddev->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);   // displays the created frame on the screen


    return;
}


// this is the function that cleans up Direct3D and COM

void cleanD3D(void)
{
    d3ddev->Release();    // close and release the 3D device

    d3d->Release();    // close and release Direct3D


    return;
} 

Quellcode

Fehler    1    error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_Direct3DCreate9@4" in Funktion ""void __cdecl initD3D(struct HWND__ *)" (?initD3D@@YAXPAUHWND__@@@Z)".    main.obj
Fehler    2    fatal error LNK1120: 1 nicht aufgelöste externe Verweise.    C:\Users\nanohack\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\test\Debug\test.exe 

Quellcode

Fehler  8   fatal error LNK1120: 7 nicht aufgelöste externe Verweise.  C:\Users\nanohack\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\test directX\Debug\test directX.exe
Fehler  1   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_memset" in Funktion "_WinMain@16".  main.obj
Fehler  3   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "__RTC_CheckEsp" in Funktion "_WinMain@16".   main.obj
Fehler  2   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "@_RTC_CheckStackVars@8" in Funktion "_WinMain@16".   main.obj
Fehler  7   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_WinMainCRTStartup". test directX
Fehler  4   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "__RTC_Shutdown". main.obj
Fehler  5   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "__RTC_InitBase". main.obj
Fehler  6   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "__fltused".  main.obj

C-/C++-Quelltext

Fehler  9   fatal error LNK1120: 7 nicht aufgelöste externe Verweise.  Debug/Ultris.exe
Fehler  4   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_DXTraceA@20" in Funktion ""public: long __thiscall CSoundManager::Initialize(struct HWND__ *,unsigned long,unsigned long,unsigned long,unsigned long)" (?Initialize@CSoundManager@@QAEJPAUHWND__@@KKKK@Z)". dsutil.obj
Fehler  5   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_DirectSoundCreate8@12" in Funktion ""public: long __thiscall CSoundManager::Initialize(struct HWND__ *,unsigned long,unsigned long,unsigned long,unsigned long)" (?Initialize@CSoundManager@@QAEJPAUHWND__@@KKKK@Z)".   dsutil.obj
Fehler  2   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_DirectDrawCreateEx@16" in Funktion ""public: long __thiscall CDisplay::CreateFullScreenDisplay(struct HWND__ *,unsigned long,unsigned long,unsigned long)" (?CreateFullScreenDisplay@CDisplay@@QAEJPAUHWND__@@KKK@Z)".  ddutil.obj
Fehler  7   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_IID_IDirectSoundNotify".    dsutil.obj
Fehler  6   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_IID_IDirectSound3DListener".    dsutil.obj
Fehler  8   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_IID_IDirectSound3DBuffer".  dsutil.obj
Fehler  3   error LNK2001: Nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_IID_IDirectDraw7".  ddutil.obj

C-/C++-Quelltext

// include the basic windows header files and the Direct3D header file

#include <windows.h>
#include <windowsx.h>
#include <d3d9.h>
#include <d3dx9.h>

// define the screen resolution and keyboard macros

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 640
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 480
#define KEY_DOWN(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 1 : 0)
#define KEY_UP(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 0 : 1)

// include the Direct3D Library files

#pragma comment (lib, "d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment (lib, "d3dx9.lib")

// global declarations

LPDIRECT3D9 d3d;    // the pointer to our Direct3D interface

LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 d3ddev;    // the pointer to the device class

LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 t_buffer = NULL;    // the pointer to the vertex buffer


// function prototypes

void initD3D(HWND hWnd);    // sets up and initializes Direct3D

void render_frame(void);    // renders a single frame

void cleanD3D(void);    // closes Direct3D and releases memory

void init_graphics(void);    // 3D declarations


struct CUSTOMVERTEX {FLOAT X, Y, Z; DWORD COLOR;};
#define CUSTOMFVF (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)

// the WindowProc function prototype

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);


// the entry point for any Windows program

int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
                   HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                   LPSTR lpCmdLine,
                   int nCmdShow)
{
    HWND hWnd;
    WNDCLASSEX wc;

    ZeroMemory(&wc, sizeof(WNDCLASSEX));

    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WindowProc;
    wc.hInstance = hInstance;
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.lpszClassName = "WindowClass";

    RegisterClassEx(&wc);

    hWnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL, "WindowClass", "Our Direct3D Program",
                          WS_EX_TOPMOST | WS_POPUP, 0, 0, SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT,
                          NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);

    ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow);

    // set up and initialize Direct3D

    initD3D(hWnd);

    // enter the main loop:


    MSG msg;

    while(TRUE)
    {
        DWORD starting_point = GetTickCount();

        if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
        {
            if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
                break;

            TranslateMessage(&msg);
            DispatchMessage(&msg);
        }

        render_frame();

        // check the 'escape' key

        if(KEY_DOWN(VK_ESCAPE))
            PostMessage(hWnd, WM_DESTROY, 0, 0);

        while ((GetTickCount() - starting_point) < 25);
    }

    // clean up DirectX and COM

    cleanD3D();

    return msg.wParam;
}


// this is the main message handler for the program

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch(message)
    {
        case WM_DESTROY:
            {
                PostQuitMessage(0);
                return 0;
            } break;
    }

    return DefWindowProc (hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);
}


// this function initializes and prepares Direct3D for use

void initD3D(HWND hWnd)
{
    d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);

    D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;

    ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
    d3dpp.Windowed = FALSE;
    d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
    d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hWnd;
    d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8;
    d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = SCREEN_WIDTH;
    d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = SCREEN_HEIGHT;

    // create a device class using this information and the info from the d3dpp stuct

    d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
                      D3DDEVTYPE_HAL,
                      hWnd,
                      D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,
                      &d3dpp,
                      &d3ddev);

    init_graphics();    // call the function to initialize the triangle


    d3ddev->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);    // turn off the 3D lighting


    return;
}


// this is the function used to render a single frame

void render_frame(void)
{
    d3ddev->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 0, 0), 1.0f, 0);

    d3ddev->BeginScene();

    // select which vertex format we are using

    d3ddev->SetFVF(CUSTOMFVF);

    // SET UP THE PIPELINE


    D3DXMATRIX matRotateY;    // a matrix to store the rotation information


    static float index = 0.0f; index+=0.05f;    // an ever-increasing float value


    // build a matrix to rotate the model based on the increasing float value

    D3DXMatrixRotationY(&matRotateY, index);

    // tell Direct3D about our matrix

    d3ddev->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &matRotateY);

    D3DXMATRIX matView;    // the view transform matrix


    D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&matView,
                       &D3DXVECTOR3 (0.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f),    // the camera position

                       &D3DXVECTOR3 (0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),    // the look-at position

                       &D3DXVECTOR3 (0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));    // the up direction


    d3ddev->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &matView);    // set the view transform to matView


    D3DXMATRIX matProjection;     // the projection transform matrix


    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&matProjection,
                               D3DXToRadian(45),    // the horizontal field of view

                               (FLOAT)SCREEN_WIDTH / (FLOAT)SCREEN_HEIGHT, // aspect ratio

                               1.0f,    // the near view-plane

                               100.0f);    // the far view-plane


    d3ddev->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &matProjection);    // set the projection


    // select the vertex buffer to display

    d3ddev->SetStreamSource(0, t_buffer, 0, sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX));

    // copy the vertex buffer to the back buffer

    d3ddev->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 1);

    d3ddev->EndScene();

    d3ddev->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

    return;
}


// this is the function that cleans up Direct3D and COM

void cleanD3D(void)
{
    t_buffer->Release();    // close and release the vertex buffer

    d3ddev->Release();    // close and release the 3D device

    d3d->Release();    // close and release Direct3D


    return;
}


// this is the function that puts the 3D models into video RAM

void init_graphics(void)
{
    // create the vertices using the CUSTOMVERTEX struct

    CUSTOMVERTEX t_vert[] =
    {
        { 3.0f, -3.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 0, 255), },
        { 0.0f, 3.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 255, 0), },
        { -3.0f, -3.0f, 0.0f, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 0, 0), },
    };

    // create a vertex buffer interface called t_buffer

    d3ddev->CreateVertexBuffer(3*sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX),
                               0,
                               CUSTOMFVF,
                               D3DPOOL_MANAGED,
                               &t_buffer,
                               NULL);

    VOID* pVoid;    // a void pointer


    // lock t_buffer and load the vertices into it

    t_buffer->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&pVoid, 0);
    memcpy(pVoid, t_vert, sizeof(t_vert));
    t_buffer->Unlock();

    return;
}

Quellcode

Fehler  4   fatal error LNK1120: 3 nicht aufgelöste externe Verweise.  C:\Users\nanohack\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\test directX\Debug\test directX.exe
Fehler  3   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_D3DXMatrixRotationY@8" in Funktion ""void __cdecl render_frame(void)" (?render_frame@@YAXXZ)".  main.obj
Fehler  1   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH@20" in Funktion ""void __cdecl render_frame(void)" (?render_frame@@YAXXZ)".  main.obj
Fehler  2   error LNK2019: Verweis auf nicht aufgelöstes externes Symbol "_D3DXMatrixLookAtLH@16" in Funktion ""void __cdecl render_frame(void)" (?render_frame@@YAXXZ)".  main.obj